Bolinus brandaris (originally called Murex brandaris by Linnaeus and also Haustellum brandaris), and commonly known as the purple dye murex or the spiny dye-murex, is a species of medium-sized predatory sea snail, an edible marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or the rock snails.
This species is known in the fossil record from the Pliocene (age range: from 3.6 to 2.588 million years ago). Fossil shells of this species have been found in Cyprus, Spain and Italy.[McGovern, P. E. and Michel, R. H.; Royal Purple dye: tracing the chemical origins of the industry, Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 1514A-1522A]
Distribution and habitat
This snail lives in the central and western parts of the Mediterranean Sea and has been found on isolated coral atoll beaches in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea. It was known since ancient times as a source for
purple dye and also as a popular food source under various names, among which
sconciglio, from which comes the word
scungilli. This species lives on rocks in shallow water.
Human use
This species, like many other species in the family Muricidae, can produce a secretion which is milky and without color when fresh but turns into a powerful and lasting dye when exposed to the air. This was the mollusc species used by the ancients to produce
Tyrian Purple fabric dye.
Sea snails of the species Banded dye-murex Hexaplex trunculus were also used to produce a purple-blue or indigo dye. In both cases, the mollusks secrete the dye in the mucus of their hypobranchial glands.
In Spain, and more specifically on the Mediterranean coast and the Gulf of Cádiz, they are called cañaílla, and are appreciated as food.
It is a cannibalistic species; evidence suggests that intensive breeding by the ancient Minoans resulted in pierced shells, perhaps by other snails, due to the population density in breeding tanks.
Biology
Shell
The size of the adult shell of
Bolinus brandaris can reach about 60 to 90 mm. The shell is usually golden brown with a very long siphonal canal and a rounded body whorl with a low spire. There is a row of spines that corresponds to the end of each growth stage.
File:Bolinus brandaris 01.jpg|Different views of a shell of Bolinus brandaris
File:Haustellum brandaris 001.JPG|A shell of Bolinus brandaris with a broken lip because it was between growth stages when it died, and the edge of the aperture is easily damaged during that time.
File:Lister-Murex-brandaris.jpg|An illustration of the species from Martin Lister's 17th century shell book.[Martin Lister (1685-1692). Historia Conchyliorum.]
File:Muricidae - Bolinus brandaris torularius.JPG|Fossil shell of Bolinus brandaris torularius from Pliocene
File:Bolinus brandaris Pliocene Cyprus.jpg| Bolinus brandaris from the Pliocene of Cyprus showing interior
File:Purple_Purpur_(retouched).jpg|purple dyed fabric
File:Wenceslaus Hollar, Shell (Murex brandaris), c. 1645, NGA 74805.jpg|alt=Fine etching of a Shell (Murex brandaris)|Wenceslaus Hollar, Shell (Murex brandaris), c. 1645, NGA 74805, National Gallery of Art
Species
Infrasubspecific names are not recognized by
ICZN.
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Bolinus brandaris bicauda - Coen 1933
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Bolinus brandaris coronatus x polii - Stigwan 2019
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Bolinus brandaris elongata - Stigwan 2019
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Bolinus brandaris cagliaritanus - Stigwan 2019
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Bolinus brandaris longispinus - Coen 1914
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Bolinus brandaris nasalis brevis - Stigwan 2019
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Bolinus brandaris nivea - Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, - 1882
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Bolinus brandaris polii - Coen 1933
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Bolinus brandaris rubiginosus - Stigwan 2019
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Bolinus brandaris trispinosus - Locard 1886
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Bolinus brandaris trituberculatus - Stigwan 2019
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Bolinus brandaris varicosus - Settepassi 1970
Synonyms
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Aranea cinera Perry, 1811
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Haustellum clavatum Schumacher, 1817
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Murex brandariformis Locard, 1886
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Murex brandaris Carl Linnaeus, 1758
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Murex brandaris brandellus Monterosato in Settepassi, 1970
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Murex brandaris brevispinus Settepassi, 1970
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Murex brandaris commixtus Settepassi, 1970
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Murex brandaris insculptus Settepassi, 1970
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Murex brandaris longiaculeatus Settepassi, 1970
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Murex brandaris ponderosus Settepassi, 1970
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Murex brandaris spinosus Settepassi, 1970
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Murex brandaris subcornutus Settepassi, 1970
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Murex brandaris var. aculeatus Philippi, 1836
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Murex brandaris var. canaliaspinosus Serradell, 1912
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Murex brandaris var. compacta Pallary, 1912
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Murex brandaris var. conica Serradell, 1912
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Murex brandaris var. delgadoi Serradell, 1912
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Murex brandaris var. devians Dautzenberg, 1904
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Murex brandaris var. diplacantha Dautzenberg, 1904
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Murex brandaris var. longispina Coen, 1914
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Murex brandaris var. monospinosus Serradell, 1912
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Murex brandaris var. multicostatus Serradell, 1912
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Murex brandaris var. nivea Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1882
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Murex brandaris var. novemcostatus Serradell, 1912
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Murex brandaris var. quadrispinosa Dautzenberg, 1904
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Murex brandaris var. robusta Dautzenberg, 1904
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Murex brandaris var. spinotuberculatus Serradell, 1912
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Murex brandaris var. spirocaudata Coen, 1934
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Murex brandaris var. ternispinosa Coen, 1914
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Murex brandaris var. torta Dautzenberg, 1904
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Murex brandaris var. trifariaspinosa Frauenfeld, 1869
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Murex brandaris var. trispinosa Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1882
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Murex brandaris var. tuberculata Hidalgo, 1890
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Murex brandaris var. tudiculoides Coen, 1934
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Murex brandaris varicosus Settepassi, 1970
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Murex clavaherculis Roding, 1798
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Murex coronatus Antoine Risso, 1826
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Murex trispinosus Locard, 1886
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Murex tuberculatus Roding, 1798
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Purpura fuliginosa Röding, 1798
See also
Further reading
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Radwin, G. E. & D'Attilio A. (1986). Murex shells of the world. An illustrated guide to the Muricidae. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford, x + pp. 1–284 incl 192 figs. + 32 pls.
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Vasconcelos P., Barroso C. M. & Gaspar M. B. (2017). "Meat yield of Bolinus brandaris (Gastropoda: Muricidae): Comparative assessment of the influence of sex, size and reproductive status". Scientia Marina 81(2): 255-267. .
